Monday, December 30, 2019

Does the Final Chapter of Brontes Jane Eyre Fit with the...

The final chapter’s of Bronte’s Jane Eyre have been a subject of discussion since it’s first publication. Many say the the ending does not fit and other argue that it does. There is a lot of evidence pointing to the latter. The conclusion reveals the fate of Mr. Rochester and Jane, Adele, and of St. John. All of the endings, a mixture of both happy and tragic, to fit with the entire story and can explained because of the Victorian era. This essay will argue that the conclusion of this novel, more specifically that Jane does go back to Mr. Rochester, is extremely fitting to both the plot and the essence of the novel. Many people have an issue with the ending because of the fate of Mr. Rochester. They feel him being disfigured and blind is†¦show more content†¦Jane still has her independence even though she goes back to him. Not only does the relationship even out, the biggest way Jane keeps her independence and her character traits is that she chooses to go back to Rochester. She sets aside her brain and uses her heart fully in making the decision. â€Å"It was my time to assume ascendency. My powers were in play and in force,† (301). She went back to Rochester and married him because she wanted to. She did not need to marry Rochester for his money or his social status, she married him because she wanted to. One of the biggest themes of Jane Eyre is the ideal woman and the struggle between choosing to be passionate or suppressing it. At the very end, it is most fitting for the character to develop in such a way that she chooses to be passionate. During the time of the novel as well, women were meant to suppress their wants and desires but the novel is very ahead of it’s time. It’s showing that it is perfectly alright to marry for love and marriage won’t make you lose your independence. The happy ending for Mr. Rochester and Jane are not the only fitting thing about the ending. Adà ¨le’s fate is al so very fitting for the plot and the English Victorian era. There was always a parallel between little Adà ¨le and Jane when she was younger. Both were orphans, and both were eventually sent away to a terribly run school. It would only make sense, that Jane, having gone through this, would

Saturday, December 21, 2019

The Legalization Of Organs Of The United States - 4086 Words

Executive Summary There is a well-established industry for the buying and selling of organs to those who are in dire need of a transplant, both legally and illegally, in many different countries. The legalization of the sale of organs in the United States would have serious consequences and raises many ethical dilemmas- regardless of religious beliefs. There are several ideas presented in this paper that present the issues that have hindered the progression of the legalization of organs. Currently, there is an organ waiting list of 123,897 patients on the organ recipient list ,the number of transplant that have actually occurred in January - August 2014 are 19,426 (Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network). There is no denying that there is a significant gap between the number of transplant surgeries performed and those awaiting a donor. The ever growing need for these lifesaving organs is clear, but to allow human beings to sell parts of their body is not the solution to this complex problem. I have included in the following report five research based ideas regarding the consequences that would ensue if the legalization of transplants were to occur and the human principals it will violate: 1. â€Å"Do no Harm† Hippocratic Oath taken by physicians upon the completion of the doctorate and vow to cause no unnecessary harm to an already healthy adult. 2. Regulation of cost for the donor to decide the amount of money they receive in order to make the procedure fair on theShow MoreRelatedThe National Organ Transplant Act Of 1984884 Words   |  4 Pageswaiting years on a transplant list. The National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 says that in the United States, the sale of organs is illegal. Some believe this act may be preventing thousands of people from getting the organs that will save their lives. The truth is every day someone dies and their organs could be used to help others and everyday a life of one and the livelihood of another could be saved. The reasons for allowing the sale of organs is very simple to understand. It can help othersRead MoreBlack Market Organ Of The United States1568 Words   |  7 Pageshuman organ has been a controversial subject for many years. The question arises; is it illegal to sell a human organ if it is going to save another’s life? October 2011 marks the first proven case of black market organ trafficking in the United States. Levy Izhak, a New Yorker, pled guilty in federal court for illegally expediting kidney transplants. His lawyer claimed, â€Å"the transplants were successful and the donors and recipients are now leading full and healthy lives† because of the organ donationRead MoreWhy Legalizing Organ Sales Will Help Save Lives, End Violence1094 Words   |  5 PagesAnthony Gregory writes in â€Å"Why Legalizing Organ Sales Would Help Save Lives, End Violence.† Gregory argues in the article that organ sale should be legalized in the United States. Gregory discusses the different range of arguments that people have that are opposed to the legalization of organ sale. He explains that organ sale is creating unnecessary suffering for needy patients and â€Å"violence.† The problem with Gregory’s article is that he uses direct quotations and extreme accusations that have noRead MoreOrgan Of The Organ System1009 Words   |  5 PagesOrgan transplantation has been around for about 61 years. The first successful transplantation took place on December 23, 1954 by Dr. Joseph Murray and Dr. David Hume at Brigham Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. That transplantation being successful on that day has saved many lives to this day (â€Å"Transplantation†). The only legal way to get an organ transplant is through organ donation. In the United States alone, there are about 122,690 people on the waiting list today and only 10,051 donors. EveryRead MorePros and Cons for Paying Organ Donors1534 Words   |  6 PagesOctober 25th 2013, about 100,000 people were waiting for a new kidney in the United States. (SCU) Every day, 18 people from that list die along with 10 others being added. As of October 25th, 2013, out of the 100,000 people waiting for a new kidney while only about 10,000 received one; that means 90,000 people are either rolled over to the next yea r, or die waiting. The marvelousness of kidney donations, compared to other organs donations, is that each person is born with two and can sustain a healthyRead MorePros And Cons Of Assisted Suicide1743 Words   |  7 Pageswilling to participate and authorized by the state. The physician will assist with, in administering an approved prescription drug and a lethal dosage. Assisted suicide acts upon the legal request and approval of state law and patient request for the reasons of a terminal condition in order to end unbearable suffering. Not all states in the U.S. are authorized or have approval to perform such patient request. CNN article lists the states mandated by state law as Oregon, Vermont, Washington, CaliforniaRead MoreThe Laws Of Sex Trafficking1286 Words   |  6 Pagesrates, which, result in higher acceptance rates. In 2001, when Germany legalized prostitution, illegal traffic decreased by 10%. (Reisenwitz, Cathy) Therefore, the laws of sex trafficking should be forti fied because traffickers manipulate laws and legalization of prosecution dropped illegal trafficking rates, we should focus on helping all victims rather than focusing on sex trafficking. Granted that traffickers avoid punishment, they are able to manipulate their victims. A troubled child’s parent didRead MoreSally Satels Organ for Sale.1154 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis of passion: Sally Satel’s â€Å"Organs for Sale† Sally Satel is an American  psychiatrist  based in Washington DC. She is a lecturer at the  Yale University  School of Medicine, the W.H. Brady Fellow at the  American Enterprise Institute, and author. Books written by Satel include  P.C. M.D.: How Political Correctness is Corrupting Medicine and  Drug Treatment: The Case for Coercion  Her articles have been published in  The New Republic, the  Wall Street Journal, the  New York Times, and in scholarlyRead MoreThe Myths Of Legalizing Marijuana1601 Words   |  7 Pagesissue of legalizing marijuana for recreational purposes. Cannabis sativa, also known as marijuana, was classified by the United States government as a class I drug in 1970, which means that it is against the law to possess and distribute this illegal substance (Source 2). However, in recent years, many states have made marijuana more accessible for medical and recreational use. States such as Colorado and Washington have not just decriminalized possession and distribution, but have enacted laws thatRead MoreAdvocation for Legalizing Recreational Marijuana1332 Words   |  5 PagesLegalizing Recreational Marijuana A controversial topic often being advocated for by sitting governors is whether the legalization of marijuana is more beneficial or harmful to the economy. Marijuana, also known as weed, is a mixture of the dried and shredded leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers of the cannabis sativa plant. It’s the most widely used illegal drug in the United States, even though studies have shown results that the benefits of using marijuana for medicinal or recreational reasons far

Friday, December 13, 2019

Expectancy Theory of Motivation Free Essays

The expectancy theory of motivation, which was first produced by Victor Vroom, has become a generally accepted theory for explaining how individuals make decisions concerning different behavioural alternatives. According to Vroom to motivate someone mere offer a person something to satisfy his important needs will not be adequate. In order for the person to be motivated, he must also be convincingly sure that he has the ability to obtain the reward. We will write a custom essay sample on Expectancy Theory of Motivation or any similar topic only for you Order Now An employee’s motivation increases when he values a particular outcome greatly and when he feels a reasonably good chance of achieving the desired goal. This definition states that: Any individual acts in a way to reach a maximal effect with a minimal effort. The first major expectancy theory was put forward by Victor Harold Vroom. The expectancy theory works on the basis that to achieve high motivation, hard productive work must gain a valued goal or reward for example in a workplace if you want more money, and more money will come if you work hard then we can predict that you will work hard. IF you still want more money, and all you think working hard will get you is smiles from the boss, an predict that you will chose not to work hard, unless you put a high value on smiles from the boss’(D. Buchanan A.Huczynski., 2004). Victor Harold Vroom formed the expectancy theory using three concepts: Expectancy, Instrumentality and valence. The equation that he made is: F (force motivation) =Ã ¥(V (Valence) x I (instrumentality) x E (expectancy)) The expectancy is the belief that one’s effort (E) will result in attainment of the desired performance goals. This belief, or perception, is generally based on an individual’s past experience, self confidence and the perceived difficulty of the performance standard or goal. Studies has suggested that the expectancy theory must be extended in order to consider the effects of the time between when the individual intended to act and when the actual behaviour took place; the connotation of previous behaviour on subsequent behaviour; and the sequence of behaviour(Saltzer, 1981). Hirokawa and Scheerhorn (1986) developed a model of group decision-making that supports general expectancy theory concepts. This model shows how groups come to decisions, which factors outcome in decisions, and how individual group members affect quality of the decisions. Also, studies shows that treating people as a group may have many benefits, but it also has many objectionable consequences (Hansen 1997). One of the major consequences is that individuals are proven to show less effort when performing collectively than when performing individually. Â  In ASKExpert case, Liz is an experienced system analyst and frequently absent from project meetings, by using Expectancy theory that supports decision-making in groups, it would help Liz to be more comfortable in project meetings. She can gather information from other employees’ of the company in addition to her own knowledge. The Expectancy Theory is a predictor of work motivation, effort expenditure and Job Performance. In the case of ASKExpert, a experienced program tester made a sudden resignation, leaving the company to seek another employee who doesn’t know the company procedures, therefore leaving the company in vulnerable position. Based on expectancy models of employee motivation found in the human resources management literature, it emphasizes the importance of providing employees with an understanding of what is expected of them if they are to contribute to service production and delivery, the capacity to meet those expectations and an incentive to do so. Expectancy theory can be used in this case to motivate employees who lack motivation due to whatever the reason, therefore leading to decreasing number of un-satisfied employees who looking for resignation. High motivation therefore results from high levels of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. If any one factor is low, motivation will be low. Managers should strive to ensure that employees’ expectancy are high so that they will be highly motivated. How to cite Expectancy Theory of Motivation, Essay examples Expectancy Theory of Motivation Free Essays Running head: EXPECTANCY THEORY OF MOTIVATION Expectancy Theory of Motivation Expectancy Theory of Motivation Companies need to understand the practice of motivation for them to achieve full output from its employees which will lead to full output from the company. The expectancy theory of motivation proposed by Victor Vroom will help companies to understand how to achieve this motivation level. The theory of motivation states that employee’s motivation is the outcome of how much of individual wants a reward. We will write a custom essay sample on Expectancy Theory of Motivation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The theory revolves around three distinct perceptions. The first component of the theory is the Effort-performance relationship. The provability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance (Robbins Judge, 2007, p. 208). The second component of this theory is Performance-reward relationship. The degree to which the individual believes that performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desire outcome (Robbins Judge, 2007, p. 208). The third component of this theory is Rewards-personal goals relationship. The degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual’s personal goals or needs and the attractiveness of those potential rewards for the individual (Robbins Judge, 2007, p. 208). The Expectancy Theory of Motivation had to very important beliefs that help complete the above model. The first belief is that Effort-to-performance expectancy is the individual’s awareness that effort will lead to above performance. The person will determine if the performance expected of them can be reached by an amount of effort within their ability. If this person feels they can’t achieve this performance level within their abilities then the outcome to meet the goals will be low. This will cause the person motivation effort to be low. If the person feels that the performance level that is required of them is in reach of their abilities then they are likely put the extra effort in and be motivated. The second belief links performance to outcome through instrumentality. This is where a person is motivated when that person feels the performance is explicit and equal instrument to fulfill their personal outcome. Therefore a erson will be motivated if the person believes that meeting the performance of organization will bring their desired outcome. The other problem arises if the person does not feel their desired outcome will not be achieved then they may not put in any or very little effort to meet the performance of the organization and will they will not be motivated in the first place. The company management must set goa ls that can be attainable for the person to be motivated and succeed and benefit the person outcome. This can be achieved through a promotion, bonuses, and praise. The company from the given scenario has set the goal to produce goods of extra quality and the company is expecting employees’ level to be very high. Few of the employees have been able to handle these new processes. Then we have learned that the expectancy relationship has been fulfilled and is working. The problem with the given scenario must line somewhere within the instrumentality relationship. The given scenario shows there is no salary difference between the workers who are good performers and the workers who are the bad performers. One other point is that the bad performers bring penalties in their salary. The level of bonus that is offered for meeting the goal of the company is not high enough with the required effort according to the employees. Last thing about the scenario the amount of pay given for overtime is higher than the bonus given for performance and still overtime is created by because of the slow performance. The employees understand it is better to work slow and see better instrumentality then through fast work. Looking at the given scenario there has to be some items have to be addressed. One item that needs to be addressed is the slow work with some of the employees must have strict salary penalties. The next item to be addressed is that with better performance the bonus levels need to be compensated higher. This will make the employees that are capable running processes put in place by the company put in more effort to reach the performance desired as they will desire the new bonus. The employees that are not capable will put more of an effort and be motivated to reach the same desired higher bonus and not see a penalty in salary. The last item to be addressed is management should reorganize the operations so that the bonus pay is higher than the overtime work performed this way employees will not see the benefit of working the overtime as the performance bonus will be more desirable. We have shown the key features of the expectancy theory that was proposed by Victor Vroom which illustrated a scenario which we implemented corrective intervention to boost the efforts of employees. Reference Robbins, S. P. , ; Judge, T. A. (2007). Motivation Concepts. In (Ed. ), Organizational Behavior (pp. 208-214). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. How to cite Expectancy Theory of Motivation, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Professional Studies in Managing Learning Environments - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Professional Studies in Managing Learning Environments. Answer: An analysis of three theories of classroom managemnet The aim ofclassroom management is establishing as well as maintaining a positive and productive environment for learning that will be providing effective opportunities of learning in respect of its students. As a result, it is essential for beginning teachers to have an understanding of the differentclassroom management approaches as well as their theoretical underpinnings. Effective classroom management is a necessary skill in respect of any new teacher, however, it is an unfortunate aspect that many teachers will be adopting traditional or authoritarian approaches more willingly than innovative evidence-based strategic aspects (Billett, 2013). In addition, the beliefs, attitudes as well as values of a teacher will often be doing the determination of their classroom management strategy and whether they are adopting a single theory, an association of components across multiple theories or continuously adapting to their classroom environment. In this essay, there will occur the analys is of three approaches related to classroom management, which are considered as Goal Centered Theory, Cognitive Behavioural Theory and Assertive Discipline (Bolman, 2017). Goal Cenrered Theory is considered being a classroom management theory proposed by Rudolf Dreikurs, who is considered being an Austrian pyschiatrist and student of psychoeducational theory. Goal Centered Theory is having its underpinnings in Vygotskys socio-cultural theory, which is stating that the students are affected by their social groups as well as a longing to belong. This longing to belong does the motivation of behaviour, often in a negatuve way, via four subsequent stages such as to gain attention in an inappropriate manner, exercising power, exacting revenege as well as doing the display of insufficiency (Getz, 2016). Within Goal Centered Theory, there occurs the actualization of preventing such classroom misbehaviour via different stategic aspects, discussio in the class regarding anticipated behaviours as well as outcomes, building class as well as individual accountabilites, offering choice regarding rules related to classroom as well as academic content, concentrating upon practical outcomes rather than punishment, as well as encouraging effort more willingly than achievement (Getz, 2016). The democratic traits of Goal Centered Theory does the promotion of a learning environment that is considered being positive as well as effective, in which students are having an involvement in their learning as they are having a sense ofself-management as well as self-control, doing the demonstration of their accountability through the fulfilment of their individual requirements without making an interference with the rights as well as requireements of their peers (Salend, 2015). Moreover, Goal Centered Theory does the providing of the platform in respect of the teachers for identifying the motivtion of the student towards misbehaving, along with, assisting students understanding as well as rectifying their individual behaviours (Bolman, 2017). On the other hand, Goal Centered Theory is criticized as not every student is having an inherent urge for belongingness, and as a result, might be having concealed motives for misbehaving. Moreover, teachers who are not experinced might be facing the challenge in doing the identificatio of the reasons behind the misbehaviour of the student, and when there is the requirement of immediate discipline, practical consequences might not get implemented in an appropriate manner. Lastly, the absence of evidence in effectively implementing Goal Centered Theory, does the discouraging of adopting the theory into a classroom management practice (Jones, 2015). Cognitive Behavioural Theory is regarded as a classroom management theory that was made popular by Joseph Kaplan and Jane Carter. Cognitve Behavioural Theory is aiming towards developing the self-management of students as welll as their self-regulation abilities, setting objectives, evaluating their actions as well as emotions, in respect of becoming aware of the influences that will be affecting their behavioural aspects. It is the function of the teacher in helping the students in developing these skills relating to self-management within a facilitative environment for learning, offering a systematic structure of learning that does the promotion of respect as well as outlining behavioural expectations as well as outcomes (Jones, 2015). On the other hand, the critical analysis regarding Cognitive Behavioural Theory is suggesting the aspect of using or misusing the cognitive behavioural methods that is considered to be unethical as well as conflicting across the behavioural as well as cognitive components relating to student management (Getz, 2016). In addition, a key concern relating to the interventions of Cognitive Behavioural Theory is the practicality associated with teaching the students who are lacking the cognitive maturity as well as the self-management abilities that are necessary in controlling their behavioural aspects (Kolb, 2014). Lastly, the distinctive absence of evidence as an efficient method of cognitive training brings into disrepute its legitimacy as a theory of classroom management. Assertive Discipline is considered being classroom management theory developed by the two professional educators, Lee as well as Marlene Canter. There occurs the development of Asserive Discipline on the principle that students are made conscious of the anticipated classroom behaviour as well as the outcomes that will be resulting from non-compliance. Alongwith the anticipated behaviour within the classroom, the teacher must do the establishment as well as enforcement of a set of class rules that are having a clear punishment hierarchy when the rules are not being followed (Kolb, 2014). Moreover, the teacher is required maintaining a forceful method of control over the students while doing the development of respect as well as trust within the classroom by providing assistance to the students, being approachable as well as modelling classroon practices that are considered being positive (Jones, 2015). By making the students have an awareness of the rules as well as outcomes, the Assertive Discipline model does the enabling of a teacher in dealing with students positively, teaching with less interruption as well as avoiding exasperation of getting confronted verbally. With the proper backing of efficient curriculum as well as pedagogy, there occurs the flourishing of effective learning as Assertive Discipline does the creation of a systematic learning environment. Moreover, the development of the teacher-student association via Assertive Discipline will be discouraging misbehaviour as well as do the promotion of success academically (Kunter, 2013). On the other hand, the Assertive Discipline model is having its own weaknesses as well. There is a lack of theoretical evidence for supporting the Assertive Discipline model. It is also being argued that the lack of considering the rights of the student will be affecting the students development relating to self-discipline in a negative manner (Kunter, 2013). Moreover, it is being stated that the Assertive Discipline model is not examining the reason as to why a student is misbehaving as well as has the belief that the aspect of overusing rewards as well as appreciation might be reducing the inner motivation of the student towards leraning(Getz, 2016). It has aslo been critucally stated that the students are only doing the different activities out of compliance that as a result, adversely impacts their welfare as well as development of behaviours related to learning (Muijs, 2014). Goal Centered Theory, Assertive Discipline as well as Cognitive Behavioural Theory can be classified under two major theories of classroom management. Goal Centered Theory is strongly affected by the psychoeducational theories, Assertive Discipline is affected strongly by behaviourist theories, whie Cognitive Behavioural Theory is affected strongly by the psychoeducational as well as behaviourist theories (Liebowitz, 2016). The major distictioh within the three theories are their contrasting point of views regarding the cause related to the behaviour or misbehviour of students (Mulder, 2014). Goal Centered Theory is believing in the fact that the behaviour of the student is driven by the desire for belonging to a group or gaining recognition, Cognitive Behavioural Theory is believing in the fact that the behaviour of the student is self-directed, whereas Assertive Discipline is believing in the fact that the behaviour of the student is the outcome of the lack of a structural aspect a s well as limitations (Liebowitz, 2016) . References Billett, S. . (2013). Learning through work: Emerging perspectives and new challenges.. Journal of Workplace Learning,, 264-276. Bolman, L. G. (2017). Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Getz, D. . (2016). Event studies: Theory, research and policy for planned events. Abingdon: Routledge. Jones, V. . (2015). Comprehensive classroom management: Creating communities of support and solving problems. Sydney: Pearson. Kolb, D. A. (2014). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. London: FT press. Kunter, M. K. (2013). Professional competence of teachers: Effects on instructional quality and student development. Journal of Educational Psychology, 805. Liebowitz, J. . (2016). Knowledge management and e-learning. Florida: CRC press. Muijs, D. K. (2014). State of the artteacher effectiveness and professional learning. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 231-256. Mulder, M. (2014). Conceptions of professional competence inInternational handbook of research in professional and practice-based learning. Amsterdam: Springer. Salend, S. J. (2015). Creating inclusive classrooms: Effective, differentiated and reflective practices. Sydney: Pearson.